SONABY-TECH

Netstat command                Netstat is a command line diagnostic tool which displays the information about TCP/IP  network protocol. The  basic function of netstat is to check which ports are active on the machine. It also gives information about the different ports such as the port number, the associated protocol and status. The information is helpful in getting information about which ports are closed or open and to determine which ports are vulnerable to attacks.            When you enter netstat on the command prompt , it provides you with a list of information about the connection. It also provides details such as the different protocols being used , name of your machine, TCP/IP connection, foreign address ,local address and status of connection. Ipconfig command               The basic function of Ipconfig is to display IP ...

             To boot a computer is to load an OS into the computer’s memory or random access memory. Once OS system is loaded, It’s ready for users to run applications. Sometimes you will see an instruction to “reboot” the OS , This simply means to reload the OS. http://sonaby-tech.blogspot.in/ Below are the Windows XP and Windows 7 bootable files. Windows XP Boot files : NTLDR – This files helps to boot Windows XP as well as Windows 2000 BOOT.INI – It is a text file which lists the available Operating Systems found and tells the NTLDR where to find boot partition. BOOTSECT.DOS – Locates the IO.SYS file so you can start another OS in a dual boot environment. NTDETECT.COM – Loads into protected mode and detects the installed hardware on your system. NTBOOTDD.SYS – On a system with a SCSI boot device, this file is used to recognize and load the SCSI boot partition. HAL.DLL – Hardware Abstraction layer of  XP. WIN.C...

                  H ere I am sharing a post about how to take system restore using system restore with command prompt . Now ,you will be having a question on your mind..  "Why system restore is so important ? " It’s the best of getting rid of virus infection, malware for computer users. Also it helps restore one’s operating system files to an earlier point time without affecting the saved personal files, such as e-mail, documents or photos. Let’s start..!! 1.        Switch on your computer. During this time keeping press on the F8 key on your keyboard till Windows Advanced Option appears, choose Safe mode with command prompt from the list and press ENTER . 2.        When command prompt mode loads enter the following line : cd restore and press ENTER . 3.        Next type this line : rstrui.exe and press ENTER 4. ...

         Routers communicates with each other using Routing protocols. The protocols help routers to learn the network topology and changes that occur in the network topology . routing protocols use routing algorithms to decide the best output path for the received packet. Routing algorithm is a part of network layer software and should be correct, stable and simple. It should decide the perfect path for the packet depending on the network topology and traffic. For finding the best path, router considers number of hops, time delay and communication cost of the packet transmission.    A large Internet is divided into groups of networks called as Autonomous System -AS . An AS consists of network groups and routers which are managed by  a single organization. Interior routing is used within AS, whereas, Exterior routing provides routing between two ASs. Protocol Diagram :

        Routers maintain routing tables that provide information about the path from router to the destination.In Windows Operating system, there are two commands available that allow you to view the routing table.                - NETSTAT -  Allows the users to check the network configuration. It is to display protocol statistics and current TCP/IP network connections.There are several switches associated with this command.                  * Netstat - n   - Used to display all the addresses and port numbers in the form of numbers.                  * Netstat - r    -  Used to display the routing table.               - ROUTE PRINT - Allows the user to view the current routing table. This command is similar to Nestat -t      The routing table generally c...

Post Office Protocol (POP): - Best of you use only one computer to check email (Office users) - Downloads your email to the particular computer you are checking it on. - Allows you to keep a large size of email messages only limited by the size of your computer. - Does not have web interface - New messages are downloaded in their entirety ; you have to wait for the message to download. - Clients connect to email server only for the time it takes to download any new messages.  - Assumes that the currently connected client is the only client connected to the mailbox. - Simple protocol and easy to configure. - Less server loads and less costs for ISP and end users. - Searching through mailbox does not depend on mail server resources. http://sonaby-tech.blogspot.in/ Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP):   - Best if you use many different computers to check your email (mobile users) - Your m...

        I n computing , a protocol is a set of rules used by computers to communicate with each other across a network. It sets a standard that controls or enables the connection, communication and data transfer between computing endpoints.   For example, HTTP and HTTPS are protocols used for communications over the Internet.  Similarly, VOIP also communicates using standard protocols and they are;   H.323 Protocols :        H.323 is an umbrella recommendation from the International Telecommunications union ( ITU ). It defines the protocols to provide audio-visual  communication sessions on any packet network. The H.323 standard address call signaling and control, multimedia transport and control and bandwidth control for point-to-point and multi-point conferences. SIP Protocols:     Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a signaling protocol. It is used for controlling multimedi...

              R AID in Windows 2008 is implemented not only for fault tolerance but also for improving the performance. It is a technology that provides storage functions and reliability through redundancy. Therefore, you can define RAID as group of technologies that use multiple drives, in multiple  configurations, to store redundant data.  In Windows Server 2008 , two types of RAID are implemented:                          - Software based RAID : Specifies that to implement RAID array the system processor uses special software routines. This type of RAID is usually implemented at the OS Level.                       - Hardware based RAID : Specifies that to implement RAID array controllers ...

            W indows Server 2008 also provides the wbadmin command utility to create system state backup. Perform the following steps for the system state data backup by using the webadmin command :             -  Click the Start button and then right-click Command Promt and select the Run as administrator option.    The Administrator: Command Promt appears.            -   Execute the following command:          _______________________________________________________________                        wbadmin Start SystemStateBackup -backuptarget :D:          _______________________________________________________________ ...

     B ackup ensures that the data of an organization is protected or can be recovered under the following circumstances :      H ardware failure      A ccidental deletion or modification of data      R estoration of the old version of a file      U nauthorized deletion or modification of data Below I mentioned the types of backups that can be performed in Windows Server 2008, Full Backup          Performs the backup of the selected files and also marks them as backed up. Full backup is usually performed when you need to take a complete backup of the system . You should select this type of backup when you are taking backup of the server for the very first time. Incremental Backup         Performs the backup of either the files marked for backup or the modified files. Incremental backup is performed...